I was interested to see that a new unmanned aerial vehicle, or drone, has just flown using pulsejet technology - the same used to power the Nazi V1 flying bomb during World War II.
The pulsejet actually stops and starts many times per second in order to generate thrust, opening a series of valves to let in air and push the exploding fuel out the back of the engine, then shutting them again to detonate the next dollop of fuel. You'll find a detailed explanation at Wikipedia. The result is a loud buzzing sound, as the explosions follow each other in very rapid succession. Here's a recording of a World War II V-1 in flight.
My mother endured months of bombardment by V-1's during 1944. She said that as long as one heard the engine, one knew one was safe, because it was still flying; but if it suddenly cut out, one knew it had begun its "death dive" to explode on the ground, and one hunted for cover as fast as possible.
The new pulsejet-powered drone is much smaller than its infamous predecessor, but it's only a prototype. Future versions will doubtless be much larger and heavier. However, it still sounds very like the V1.
If my mother was still alive, I wouldn't dare send her a link to that video. She'd have all sorts of things to say to me (none of them polite) if she heard that sound again . . .
Interestingly, the V1's engine was not powerful enough (i.e. did not generate enough thrust) for the flying bomb to take off under its own power. It had to be launched up a long ramp using a rocket booster, shown in the first part of the video clip below.
Once airborne, the pulsejet engine produced enough power to keep it flying. The new drone's engine is much less powerful than the V1's, but the drone itself is much smaller, so it can take off under its own power. I daresay that by the time they develop it into a production version, the engine will have been scaled up to cope with the additional bulk and weight.
Peter
The reason pulsejets didn't develop further is there inherent limits.
ReplyDeleteNowadays their noise would be an issue also.
Jonathan
@JonathanH:
ReplyDeleteVery simple engine design which lends itself to easy fabrication (3D print for smaller variants?) and mass production. No turbine blades. No high precision bearings and complex lubrication systems.
Noise doesn't matter (or has psychological benefit) if you're mass-producing these things for drone swarm attacks.
I believe Ukraine has developed a variety of these. Makes sense as they are cheap and easy to build.
ReplyDeletehttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/09/its-simple-and-cheap-the-volunteers-making-ukraine-trembita-bomb
There was a guy on Youtube back in the day... 2010+/- who messed around with repros of the V-1 and it's engine.
ReplyDeleteAfter 9-11 they (the FedGov) had the channel shut down and nuked from orbit because he was starting to get into installing GPS guidance and such... nothing malicious, just pre 9-11... he never thought he was making crude cruise missiles...just fun remote ground control rokkits
There used to be a hobbyist pulse jet engine called the "red Head" which had 35 lbs thrust. It appears to be out of production.
ReplyDeleteIn Alamogordo New Mexico, the Space History Museum has a separate storage yard, where a V-1 on a trailer is visible from a nearby highway.There is also a stack of detached engines a short distance away.
http://www.interestingprojects.com/cruisemissile/
ReplyDeleteThere's a related pulsejet, the "Gluhareff Pressure Jet" that uses tuned stages to do much the same. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet
ReplyDeleteI read about the Redhead engine several decades ago. As memory serves, the pulsejet relies on ram air for the intake, so it (as well as the above pressure jet) needs to be in motion (or have a flowing air source) to start working. Thus the catapult for the V1. I believe something like a bicycle pump was used for the Redhead, and it was usually used on control line planes, traveling in circles with the operator having to be sure not to get dizzy...
One of the Junkyard Wars type programs had a team make a valveless jet to run a smallish racing boat. (Three or four people would fit on the boat.) I think it started with a leaf blower.
I knew a guy who made a working model, using tin can metal for the valves. They didn't last long, but were pretty cheap to make.
Even with excellent and wide-ranging aerial photography, the launch ramps were difficult to locate and hard to destroy. Internal and inter-service arguments were waged pro and-con, with political overtones, to using air assets, especially heavy bombers, to target the narrow, hard-to-hit, easily repaired ramps. (Not unlike the current Houthi fracas.) It was infantry and armor on the ground that overran the launch sites.
ReplyDeleteThe US Navy has a long history of using ram-jet missiles.