Emergency Preparation, Part 12: Water, hygiene and sanitation

I see very few survival and emergency-preparation web sites focusing on water, personal and group hygiene, and basic sanitation;  yet these are fundamental to our safety, security and health if we're to survive an emergency, whether of short or long duration.  Let's address some of the issues involved.

First, survival itself depends on access to potable water.  Municipal water supplies are taken for granted, but they can be interrupted by many problems.  Drought can empty the reservoirs;  pipes can fracture under the stress of heat, or earthquakes, or due to age-related deterioration;  environmental activists can alter established patterns of water usage;  or competing claims for water may leave some with sufficient for their needs, while others have to curb their consumption.  In an emergency situation, any or all of these problems may arise, plus the added complications of local purification and pumping facilities that may not be staffed (because their personnel are looking after their families), or may not be functioning (due to lack of electricity or other problems).

For all these reasons, a reserve water supply is essential.  For First World residents, this doesn't have to be very large on a permanent basis, because water supplies are not likely to be interrupted without at least some warning.  My rule of thumb is to have sufficient water for drinking, cooking and cleaning purposes for a minimum of three days.  Drinking and cooking needs will require at least one gallon per person per day;  adding personal hygiene to the mix requires another gallon.  Therefore, I reckon on storing six gallons per person in a 'ready reserve' for emergency use.  These can be in the form of spare containers filled with tap water, or one-gallon jugs of water from the supermarket, or even smaller bottles of water (for example, it takes 8 16oz. [500ml.] bottles to make up one [US] gallon, so two 24-pack bottles per person will be adequate for your 'ready reserve').  Rotate your reserve water supplies with reasonable frequency so they don't go stale.

I suggest keeping containers handy to store extra water in case of need.  If you know that a hurricane is coming;  if you hear on the news that your city's water supplies are threatened by a drought;  if you know that urban unrest is increasing and may impact utilities . . . all these are circumstances where you should fill up your reserve containers.  I prefer to have sufficient capacity for at least two weeks, at the rate of two gallons per person per day;  a full month is better, if you can afford it and have the space.  (Remember that water is heavy, so don't try storing huge quantities in buildings with relatively weak floors, such as mobile homes!)  There are many ways to store this much water:

• Purpose-made potable water barrels (like these, for example - expensive, but very useful).
• Rain barrels, like this one.
• Collapsible tanks, like these, for example, which are easier to store, and may hold much more water per container than barrels.
• Used barrels (which cost less, but may need cleaning, and may not be suitable for potable water - you have to check very carefully).
• Emergency water containers that fit in a bathtub (very useful in time of need, and cheaper than barrels, but single-use-only and non-portable when full.  They also preclude using the bath for washing, of course, just as storing water in the bathtub itself would do - which is not a good idea, because it's difficult to get rid of all the soap scum and ingrained dirt).
• Jerrycans or other water containers of similar size.
• Used 2-liter soda bottles are very handy (provided you wash them carefully after emptying out their original contents).  If you don't drink much soda, ask your friends and neighbors to save their bottles for you.  This is my preferred low-cost method of storing a three-day emergency supply of water.  A 2-liter bottle holds just over half a gallon, so twelve of them per person gives a three-day supply.  I fill them with tap-water, then add a tiny amount of bleach to keep the water pure (see below).  Store them in a cool, dark place, and empty, wash and refill them every six months.  (These bottles are also very useful for dividing up and issuing bulk water supplies during an emergency - for example, two of them can be issued as one person's drinking/cooking water for one day.)
• Regular 5-gallon plastic buckets can be pressed into service as water containers, if necessary.  Lids are essential to prevent contamination of the water.
• In an emergency, zip-lock bags can be used to store water.  You should use better-quality bags, preferably with a double closure, because cheap flimsy bags may burst open under the weight of their contents (particularly if bags are piled on top of each other).  I try to keep a couple of boxes of 1-quart and 1-gallon zip-lock bags in my emergency supplies.  They're useful for so many things that I regard them as indispensable.

Be warned that many water containers are not very well made.  If you read the user reviews of Amazon.com's selection of water containers, many appear to be not worth the money they cost - they leak, caps prove less than watertight, spigots break, etc.  That's another reason I like 2-liter soda bottles;  not only are they essentially free, they're pretty strongly made to allow soda to be shipped around the country, therefore (so long as the caps are in good condition and you keep them upright) they tend to stay waterproof.  It's good to have a few 3- to 5-gallon containers for portability, but apart from that, the larger 30- and 55-gallon water barrels are often a more reliable investment, albeit less easily moved when full.  Make sure that your containers are safe for potable water - some aren't, due to being made from non-food-grade materials, or previously having contained substances that may be dangerous to your health.

(One relatively cheap, easy approach is to buy one or two 30-gallon plastic garbage containers with lids.  Buy sturdy wheeled units, not flimsy lightweight ones [which are more prone to leaking], test them for water-tightness [and exchange them if they're not], then store them unused.  In an emergency, rinse them out, line them with a heavy-duty garbage bag, fill them with water, and close them with the lid to keep out contaminants.  Take water from them as needed, and filter and purify it before drinking or cooking with it - see below for details.  This isn't a long-term storage solution, but for short-term emergency use it's quite adequate.  However, bear in mind the warning about food-safe plastics in the paragraph above.  Garbage containers are generally not food-safe!  In an emergency, for a few days, this may be an acceptable risk - you'll have to make that judgment call for yourself - but it's not desirable in the longer term.  Food- and water-safe containers are necessary for that.)

If you use large containers like water barrels, remember that they're too heavy when full to be easily tipped over, to decant water into smaller containers for everyday use.  You'll need to provide some sort of tap or pump or siphon to get the water out easily.  (Some tank systems offer special rack mountings to make it easier to draw water from their containers, or you can make your own.)  You might also want to consider some sort of wheeled base for large free-standing water containers, to make them easier to move when filling, storing or using them.  (For example, 55 gallons [about 208 liters] of water weighs almost 460 pounds [about 208 kilograms] - and that doesn't allow for the weight of the barrel!)

(By the way, don't fill your water containers using a normal garden hose.  These can contaminate water with lead, phthalates, Bisphenol A (BPA), cadmium, and other nasty substances that you don't want anywhere near your internal organs!  Use a potable water hose for safety, or fill smaller containers directly from the tap and decant them into your larger storage containers.)

Bear in mind that if municipal water supplies become contaminated or break down, you'll need to find alternative sources of water.  Don't rely on FEMA or the Army bringing water tankers to your neighborhood - that may or may not happen.  Find out where your local streams, rivers, lakes and dams are, and - very important! - make sure you know which ones are polluted and therefore unsafe for drinking water, and which offer water that's more suitable for use after filtering and purifying it.  Have some large containers handy to collect a few days' supply of water in a single trip - but not so large that you can't lift or move them when they're full!  (You do have an emergency supply of gasoline at home, don't you?  You'll need it if you have to drive some distance to collect water and/or other supplies.  You should also keep your car's tank at least half-full so as to be ready for emergencies.)

Emergency water filters are available from many suppliers, ranging from low-cost to extremely expensive.  You can even build your own perfectly usable filter for relatively little cost, as discussed in a useful article at practicalsurvivor.com.  Water purification tablets are also widely used, although some leave a nasty after-taste, and household bleach can also be used for this purpose (scroll down at the link to find the relevant section).  Boiling water is an old and proven stand-by to kill germs and viruses, although it won't remove particle contaminants like mud.  My personal choice is to have a couple of small personal filtration units for use on the move;  a larger purification filter like these units, which use the standard 5-gallon bucket, for household or camp use;  plus water purification tablets to take care of any risk of disease that may not be eliminated by the filters.  Check the specifications on your filter(s) to be sure they can remove any diseases and/or micro-organisms you're likely to encounter in your area.  If in any doubt, use water purification tablets or household bleach after filtering, so as to be doubly sure of protecting yourself against infection.

If water supplies have been disrupted, your first step is obviously to minimize water consumption.  You have to prioritize how it will be used, as follows:

A.  ESSENTIAL:

1. Drinking water:  a minimum of half a gallon per person per day, preferably a full gallon if sufficient water is available.
2. Cooking water:  a minimum of half a gallon per person per day.
3. Washing cooking utensils:  as required, keeping it to a minimum.

B.  IMPORTANT:

1. Personal hygiene:  up to one gallon per person per day.
2. Washing essential clothing such as underwear:  up to one gallon per person per day.
3. Washing crockery and cutlery, if necessary:  as required.

All other uses are secondary to these.  Essential uses take priority over important ones, which can be dispensed with altogether for short periods if necessary.  Here are a few hints that will make water conservation easier.

1. Teach your family to take what we used to call a 'staaldakbad' (steel helmet bath) in the military.  Measure out a small amount of water into a mixing bowl or other helmet-sized container, and use that, a washcloth and soap to clean the essential bits;  the face, under the arms, the hands and feet, and finally the groin and between the buttocks.  Use as little soap as required for cleanliness, so that you don't need a lot of water to rinse yourself off.  Long hair may be an unaffordable luxury, as it needs more frequent cleaning.  In a prolonged emergency, short hair for everyone may be the order of the day - and to hell with the dictates of fashion or personal vanity!
2. Use cleaning wipes instead of soap and water whenever possible for emergency hygiene.  A few containers of these wipes should be part of your emergency supplies.  Also, stock several containers of hand sanitizer.  This doesn't need water at all, and kills most germs that might cause disease.  It can also be used on other parts of the body, not just hands, if necessary.  (Warning:  check to make sure that it doesn't irritate sensitive skin before you put any of it on delicate parts of the body, or on cuts or wounds.  How do I know this?  Trust me.  I know this.)
3. Make sure people understand that in an emergency situation, overall body cleanliness is a luxury rather than a necessity.  We're used to taking long baths, or standing in the shower for fifteen to twenty minutes, luxuriating in the hot water.  In the old days, people would bath once a week - perhaps only once a month in poorer areas.  In an emergency, we'll probably be following their example;  and in an extended emergency, we may not take a bath or a shower at all for weeks on end, instead using 'helmet baths' (see point 1 above).  It won't be fun, but it's do-able.  (I've had to do that in Africa for up to six weeks at a time.)
4. Don't use conventional crockery and cutlery - they need washing after every meal.  Instead, keep paper plates and bowls, disposable cups, and plastic eating utensils in your emergency supplies.  These can be thrown away after each meal without wasting water to wash them.  Styrofoam cups can hold hot or cold beverages or food (i.e. soups and stews), and lids for them can be purchased separately to help eat and drink on the move if necessary.  I suggest the 12-ounce size;  this is more easily carried and keeps portion sizes smaller, which may help to stretch out what might be meager emergency rations.  Buy thicker, heavy-duty paper plates, not the cheap flimsy kind that often soak up liquids from food, then collapse under their weight.  Your lap, and your clothes, will thank you!  (Used paper plates and bowls can be dried, then torn up and used as kindling or fuel for fires if necessary.  They're also more environment-friendly, in that they degrade more easily than plastic or styrofoam.)
5. To save water when washing clothes (and get them much cleaner than you will by hand), consider a hand-powered washer like this one.  It's low-cost, it works like a charm, and it uses very little water and detergent indeed.  You can heat water for it in a pot over a fire, if necessary.  In fact, it's such a nifty unit that I know people in Africa (where I first encountered it) who use it on a regular basis for small loads, reserving their conventional washing machine for big stuff like bedsheets, thereby saving a bundle on electricity too.  (No, they're not paying me to advertise it - I just think it's a great idea!)

As for other personal hygiene supplies, find out what deodorants, toothpastes, etc. are preferred by those who might take refuge with you, and lay in a supply of them - or ask them to do so themselves, with the warning that if they don't, you won't!  Don't bother buying fancier cosmetics.  An emergency is usually a crisis, not a make-up competition!  Choose a simple, low-cost bar-type soap and keep some in your emergency stash.  That'll be cheaper and easier than trying to muck about with bottled soft soaps.  Furthermore, if you have to evacuate, it's much easier to give everyone a compact bar of soap, rather than a plastic bottle that might leak in their emergency pack and cover their clothes with its contents!  It might be worth buying a few travel soap holders and toothbrush containers for that purpose.  (Also, if you or anyone else uses electric personal care appliances like razors, toothbrushes, etc., keep some old-fashioned, unpowered versions in your emergency supplies.)  Finally, stock several containers of baby powder or an equivalent substance (I prefer corn starch powder - you can buy the boxed version for cooking, which is much cheaper than body powders, and use it for personal hygiene as well).  This can be applied to sweaty areas, soaking up perspiration and minimizing body odor problems.

Think about sanitation, too.  Your toilets rely on running water to flush them.  If the main water supply is cut off, your toilets will have to be flushed with buckets - but if there's no steady water supply available, you don't want to use your precious emergency reserves for that purpose.  Instead, convert a 5-gallon bucket into a toilet using one of these devices, and line it with a 13-gallon kitchen garbage bag.  Put a little kitty litter into the bag to soak up any detritus.  Use this makeshift toilet for solid waste, not liquid (if it's only urine, use a different bucket, then dump the accumulated liquid in the garden or somewhere else convenient).  As for disposing of the waste, tie the bag tightly closed after use and deposit it with others in a distant corner of your garden, or somewhere else out of the way.

(A correspondent recently complained that a standard 5-gallon bucket was 'too low' to make a comfortable toilet.  I reminded him that larger buckets were available, but also pointed out that simply standing a regular 5-gallon bucket on a few bricks would solve the problem.  A camping-style privacy screen around your improvised toilet might also come in very handy!  Let that incident inspire you to use your imagination, to improve on the suggestions I make here.)

It goes without saying that your emergency supplies should include a reasonably large supply of toilet paper.  Sanitation problems (discussed below) may lead to an increase in health problems like diarrhea, so additional supplies may be useful.  I'd reckon on double your usual consumption, and lay in supplies accordingly.  Also, for feminine needs, find out what brand/type of sanitary towel/napkin/tampon the lady(ies) in your life use, and provide an emergency supply adequate for however long you (and they!) think may be necessary.  (Guys, do not try to do this on your own - the ladies won't thank you!  Let them call the shots on this one!)  Finally, stock up on paper towels.  If they're for human use rather than general-purpose cleaning, I recommend heavier-duty shop towels rather than standard domestic paper towels, because they're less likely to come apart as you rub yourself dry with them.  Again, provide enough for the use you envisage for them.  (I'm working on a 30-day emergency supply situation, so I allow one roll of shop towels per person per week, plus a supply of regular paper towels for cleaning purposes.)

Bear in mind that sanitation, and garbage and waste disposal, are likely to become serious problems within a few days to a week after a major emergency occurs.  After all, municipal workers won't be on the job (they'll be looking after their families) and the garbage trucks won't be running!  Industrial action or other problems can also bring about a waste management crisis, as the residents of Naples, Italy learned a few years ago.

Expect to have to find places to dump your own garbage, where it won't affect you with its smell or the spreading of germs.  (Note - stock plenty of thick, heavy-duty garbage bags!)  Also, watch out for piles of garbage collecting in your neighborhood.  Small pests such as rats, mice, cockroaches, etc. will very quickly infest them, and larger pests such as possums and raccoons will follow.  All of them will fan out from there to prey on nearby residences.  If possible, work with your neighbors to co-ordinate a dump site that's as far from your homes as possible.  However, if the problem grows unmanageable (and if you live anywhere near a sizable inner-city 'urban ghetto', it probably will), you may not have any choice but to move away from the area, for your health's sake if nothing else.

There's lots to think about, isn't there?  Best to do so now, before an emergency arises.

Peter

(EDITED TO ADD:  Readers have added some more good ideas in Comments to this article.  Go read them too, and benefit from them.)